Pomiar wydajności z iostat w Linuksie

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Aplikacja iostat dostarcza statystyki Input/Output dla urządzeń, partycji i sieciowych systemów plików (NFS) oraz CPU. Iostat jest częścią pakietu sysstat.

Informacje podstawowe o iostat

iostat dostarcza różne wartości i zazwyczaj jest przeprowadzany z 2 numerycznymi parametrami:

  • Przykład: iostat 1 5
    • 1 -> wartości są co sekundę mierzone i wyświetlane
    • 5 -> wartości są wyświetlane 5 razy, następnie aplikacja jest zamykana.

Pierwszy wiersz wyniku zawiera średnią wartość od ostatniego restartu. Wszystkie dalsze wiersze wyniku przedstawiają poszczególne aktualne wartości. iostat nie wymaga żadnych specjalnych uprawnień i może zostać przeprowadzony jako zwykły użytkownik. Die erste Ausgabezeile enthält dabei die Durchschnittswerte seit dem letzten Reboot. Alle weiteren Ausgabezeilen stellen die jeweils aktuellen Werte dar. iostat benötigt keine speziellen Benutzerrechte, man kann es also als normaler Benutzer ausführen.

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ iostat -x 1 5
Linux 2.6.31-20-generic-pae (ubuntu-9-10) 	04/08/2010 	_i686_	(4 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           2.38    0.07    0.66    0.39    0.00   96.51

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
sda               6.93       131.80        85.02    1347350     869177

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           7.95    0.00    2.65    6.27    0.00   83.13

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
sda             340.00      2720.00         0.00       2720          0

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           7.19    0.00    4.32    5.76    0.00   82.73

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
sda             440.59      3524.75         0.00       3560          0
[...]

Opcje w iostat

iostat

Bez specjalnego parametru wynik wygląda następująco:

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ iostat 
Linux 2.6.31-20-generic-pae (ubuntu-9-10) 	04/08/2010 	_i686_	(4 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           2.38    0.07    0.66    0.39    0.00   96.50

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
sda               7.19       130.01        87.95    1380622     933921

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ 

iostat -x

Opcja -x dostarcza rozszerzone (extended) statystyki:

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ iostat -x
Linux 2.6.31-20-generic-pae (ubuntu-9-10) 	04/08/2010 	_i686_	(4 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           2.38    0.07    0.66    0.39    0.00   96.50

Device:         rrqm/s   wrqm/s     r/s     w/s   rsec/s   wsec/s avgrq-sz avgqu-sz   await  svctm  %util
sda               2.05     8.14    4.31    2.87   129.76    87.85    30.31     0.13   18.47   3.13   2.25

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ 

iostat -d

Opcja -d pokazuje tylko statystyki urządzeń (brak statystyk CPU):

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ iostat -d
Linux 2.6.31-20-generic-pae (ubuntu-9-10) 	04/08/2010 	_i686_	(4 CPU)

Device:            tps   Blk_read/s   Blk_wrtn/s   Blk_read   Blk_wrtn
sda               7.18       129.63        87.83    1380622     935433

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ 

iostat -c

Opcja -c pokazuje tylko statystyki CPU (brak statystyk urządzeń):

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ iostat -c
Linux 2.6.31-20-generic-pae (ubuntu-9-10) 	04/08/2010 	_i686_	(4 CPU)

avg-cpu:  %user   %nice %system %iowait  %steal   %idle
           2.38    0.07    0.66    0.39    0.00   96.50

user@ubuntu-9-10:~$ 

Znaczenie poszczególnych wartości

(Quelle man iostat)

CPU Utilization Report

  • %user: Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level (application).
  • %nice: Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the user level with nice priority.
  • %system: Show the percentage of CPU utilization that occurred while executing at the system level (kernel).
  • %iowait: Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle during which the system had an outstanding disk I/O request.
  • %steal: Show the percentage of time spent in involuntary wait by the virtual CPU or CPUs while the hypervisor was servicing another virtual processor.
  • %idle: Show the percentage of time that the CPU or CPUs were idle and the system did not have an outstanding disk I/O request.

Device Utilization Report

  • Device: This column gives the device (or partition) name
  • tps Indicate the number of transfers per second that were issued to the device. A transfer is an I/O request to the device. Multiple logical requests can be combined into a single I/O request to the device. A transfer is of indeterminate size.
  • Blk_read/s: Indicate the amount of data read from the device expressed in a number of blocks per second. Blocks are equivalent to sectors with kernels 2.4 and later and therefore have a size of 512 bytes. With older kernels, a block is of indeterminate size.
  • Blk_wrtn/s: Indicate the amount of data written to the device expressed in a number of blocks per second.
  • Blk_read: The total number of blocks read.
  • Blk_wrtn: The total number of blocks written.
  • kB_read/s: Indicate the amount of data read from the device expressed in kilobytes per second.
  • kB_wrtn/s: Indicate the amount of data written to the device expressed in kilobytes per second.
  • kB_read: The total number of kilobytes read.
  • kB_wrtn: The total number of kilobytes written.
  • MB_read/s: Indicate the amount of data read from the device expressed in megabytes per second.
  • MB_wrtn/s: Indicate the amount of data written to the device expressed in megabytes per second.
  • MB_read: The total number of megabytes read.
  • MB_wrtn: The total number of megabytes written.
  • rrqm/s: The number of read requests merged per second that were queued to the device.
  • wrqm/s: The number of write requests merged per second that were queued to the device.
  • r/s: The number of read requests that were issued to the device per second.
  • w/s: The number of write requests that were issued to the device per second.
  • rsec/s: The number of sectors read from the device per second.
  • wsec/s: The number of sectors written to the device per second.
  • rkB/s: The number of kilobytes read from the device per second.
  • wkB/s: The number of kilobytes written to the device per second.
  • rMB/s: The number of megabytes read from the device per second.
  • wMB/s: The number of megabytes written to the device per second.
  • avgrq-sz: The average size (in sectors) of the requests that were issued to the device.
  • avgqu-sz: The average queue length of the requests that were issued to the device.
  • await: The average time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests issued to the device to be served. This includes the time spent by the requests in queue and the time spent servicing them.
  • svctm: The average service time (in milliseconds) for I/O requests that were issued to the device.
  • %util: Percentage of CPU time during which I/O requests were issued to the device (bandwidth utilization for the device). Device saturation occurs when this value is close to 100%.

Network Filesystem Report

  • Filesystem: This columns shows the hostname of the NFS server followed by a colon and by the directory name where the network filesystem is mounted.
  • rBlk_nor/s: Indicate the number of blocks read by applications via the read(2) system call interface. A block has a size of 512 bytes.
  • wBlk_nor/s: Indicate the number of blocks written by applications via the write(2) system call interface.
  • rBlk_dir/s: Indicate the number of blocks read from files opened with the O_DIRECT flag.
  • wBlk_dir/s: Indicate the number of blocks written to files opened with the O_DIRECT flag.
  • rBlk_svr/s: Indicate the number of blocks read from the server by the NFS client via an NFS READ request.
  • wBlk_svr/s: Indicate the number of blocks written to the server by the NFS client via an NFS WRITE request.
  • rkB_nor/s: Indicate the number of kilobytes read by applications via the read(2) system call interface.
  • wkB_nor/s: Indicate the number of kilobytes written by applications via the write(2) system call interface.
  • rkB_dir/s: Indicate the number of kilobytes read from files opened with the O_DIRECT flag.
  • wkB_dir/s: Indicate the number of kilobytes written to files opened with the O_DIRECT flag.
  • rkB_svr/s: Indicate the number of kilobytes read from the server by the NFS client via an NFS READ request.
  • wkB_svr/s: Indicate the number of kilobytes written to the server by the NFS client via an NFS WRITE request.
  • rMB_nor/s: Indicate the number of megabytes read by applications via the read(2) system call interface.
  • wMB_nor/s: Indicate the number of megabytes written by applications via the write(2) system call interface.
  • rMB_dir/s: Indicate the number of megabytes read from files opened with the O_DIRECT flag.
  • wMB_dir/s: Indicate the number of megabytes written to files opened with the O_DIRECT flag.
  • rMB_svr/s: Indicate the number of megabytes read from the server by the NFS client via an NFS READ request.
  • wMB_svr/s: Indicate the number of megabytes written to the server by the NFS client via an NFS WRITE request.
  • ops/s: Indicate the number of operations that were issued to the filesystem per second.
  • rops/s: Indicate the number of 'read' operations that were issued to the filesystem per second.
  • wops/s: Indicate the number of 'write' operations that were issued to the filesystem per second.

Dalsze informacje

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