Analyse einer fehlerhaften Festplatte mit smartctl
Mit smartctl können Sie unter Linux die SMART Werte von Festplatten auslesen. In diesem Beispiel zeigen wir die Analyse einer defekten Festplatte. Die Festplatte in diesem Beispiel kann mehrere Sektoren nicht mehr lesen und ist somit defekt. Sie muss damit ausgetauscht werden.
SMART Informationen anzeigen
smartctl -a /dev/DEVICENAME zeigt Ihnen alle SMART Informationen der betroffenen Festplatte. Die Festplatte in diesem Beispiel zeigt bei mehreren SMART Attributen erhöhte Fehlerwerte:
root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -a /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === Model Family: SAMSUNG SpinPoint F2 EG series Device Model: SAMSUNG HD502HI Serial Number: S1VZJ9CS712490 Firmware Version: 1AG01118 User Capacity: 500,107,862,016 bytes Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show] ATA Version is: 8 ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 3b Local Time is: Wed Feb 9 15:30:42 2011 CET SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability. SMART support is: Enabled === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED General SMART Values: Offline data collection status: (0x00) Offline data collection activity was never started. Auto Offline Data Collection: Disabled. Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed without error or no self-test has ever been run. Total time to complete Offline data collection: (6312) seconds. Offline data collection capabilities: (0x7b) SMART execute Offline immediate. Auto Offline data collection on/off support. Suspend Offline collection upon new command. Offline surface scan supported. Self-test supported. Conveyance Self-test supported. Selective Self-test supported. SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering power-saving mode. Supports SMART auto save timer. Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported. General Purpose Logging supported. Short self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 2) minutes. Extended self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 106) minutes. Conveyance self-test routine recommended polling time: ( 12) minutes. SCT capabilities: (0x003f) SCT Status supported. SCT Error Recovery Control supported. SCT Feature Control supported. SCT Data Table supported. SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 099 099 051 Pre-fail Always - 2376 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 091 091 011 Pre-fail Always - 3620 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 405 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 010 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000f 253 253 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0025 100 100 015 Pre-fail Offline - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 717 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0033 100 100 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 405 13 Read_Soft_Error_Rate 0x000e 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 2375 183 Runtime_Bad_Block 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 184 End-to-End_Error 0x0033 100 100 000 Pre-fail Always - 0 187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2375 188 Command_Timeout 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 190 Airflow_Temperature_Cel 0x0022 084 074 000 Old_age Always - 16 (Lifetime Min/Max 16/16) 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 084 071 000 Old_age Always - 16 (Lifetime Min/Max 16/16) 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3558 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 81 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x000a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 201 Soft_Read_Error_Rate 0x000a 253 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 SMART Error Log Version: 1 No Errors Logged SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 No self-tests have been logged. [To run self-tests, use: smartctl -t] SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 1 SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS 1 0 0 Not_testing 2 0 0 Not_testing 3 0 0 Not_testing 4 0 0 Not_testing 5 0 0 Not_testing Selective self-test flags (0x0): After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk. If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay. root@ubuntu-10-10:~#
Analyse
Für die nähere Analyse sind in diesem Beispiel folgende Werte interessant:
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000f 099 099 051 Pre-fail Always - 2376 13 Read_Soft_Error_Rate 0x000e 099 099 000 Old_age Always - 2375 187 Reported_Uncorrect 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2375 195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x001a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3558 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 81 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x003e 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 1
Der RAW_VALUE Wert von Current_Pending_Sector gibt an wieviele Sektoren von der Festplatte nicht mehr gelesen werden konnten und auf ein Remapping warten.[1] Detailinformationen zu den anderen Fehlerwerten finden Sie im Abschnitt ATA S.M.A.R.T. attributes des Wikipedia-Artikels zu SMART.[2]
SMART Tests
SMART unterstützt mehrere Festplattentests. Details finden Sie in der Manpage von smartctl.
short Test
Im Beispiel starten wir einen short Test:
root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -t short /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION === Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode". Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful. Testing has begun. Please wait 2 minutes for test to complete. Test will complete after Wed Feb 9 15:35:31 2011 Use smartctl -X to abort test. root@ubuntu-10-10:~#
Testergebnis anzeigen
Mit smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdb
werden die Ergebnisse des Tests angezeigt. Im Beispiel ist die LBA Adresse des ersten fehlerhaften Sektors ersichtlich.
root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error # 1 Short offline Completed: read failure 20% 717 555027747 root@ubuntu-10-10:~#
Current_Pending_Sector reduzieren
Durch das Schreiben von neuen Daten auf einen fehlerhaften Sektor ist es möglich den Current_Pending_Sector zu reduzieren. Der ursprüngliche Inhalt des Sektors geht dabei verloren. Details dazu finden Sie im Bad block HOWTO.[3]
Abhängig vom jeweiligen Festplattenmodell und der Festplattenfirmware wird beim Schreiben auf einen defekten Sektor zuerst versucht, direkt auf den betroffenen Sektor zu schreiben und - wenn dieses Schreiben erfolgreich ist - der Current_Pending_Sector reduziert oder sofort ein Remapping des fehlerhaften Sektors durchgeführt.[4]
Erneutes Beschreiben des fehlerhaften Sektors
Bei der Western Digital RE4 Festplatte im folgenden Beispiel sind drei fehlerhafte Sektoren in einer Partition, die ein ein Software RAID für ein Swap-Device enthält. Das Swap-Device wurde in diesem Beispiel zuvor deaktiviert, somit kann die betroffene Partition in diesem konkreten Beispiel mit dd überschrieben und gelöscht werden. Das Beschreiben der drei fehlerhaften Sektoren ist dabei erfolgreich. Die Firmware dieser Festplatte führt in diesem Fall kein Remapping durch:
root@wc2:~# smartctl -a /dev/sdb smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.2.0-60-generic] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === Model Family: Western Digital RE4 Device Model: WDC WD1003FBYX-01Y7B0 Serial Number: WD-WCAW32925193 LU WWN Device Id: 5 0014ee 25b95b881 Firmware Version: 01.01V01 User Capacity: 1,000,204,886,016 bytes [1.00 TB] Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical [...] ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 172 171 021 Pre-fail Always - 4358 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 123 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 081 081 000 Old_age Always - 14045 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 120 192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 67 193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 55 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 120 106 000 Old_age Always - 27 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 4 [...] root@wc2:~# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/md2 bs=1M dd: writing `/dev/md2': No space left on device 7629+0 records in 7628+0 records out 7998939136 bytes (8.0 GB) copied, 85.3431 s, 93.7 MB/s root@wc2:~# smartctl -a /dev/sdb smartctl 5.41 2011-06-09 r3365 [x86_64-linux-3.2.0-60-generic] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-11 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF INFORMATION SECTION === Model Family: Western Digital RE4 Device Model: WDC WD1003FBYX-01Y7B0 [...] 1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 200 200 051 Pre-fail Always - 0 3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0027 172 171 021 Pre-fail Always - 4358 4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 123 5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 200 200 140 Pre-fail Always - 0 7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 100 253 000 Old_age Always - 0 9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 081 081 000 Old_age Always - 14045 10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 11 Calibration_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 120 192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 67 193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 55 194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0022 120 106 000 Old_age Always - 27 196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 1 198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0 199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0032 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0 200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x0008 200 200 000 Old_age Offline - 0 [...]
Remapping eines fehlerhaften Sektors
Die folgenden Kommandos zeigen das Remapping eines Sektors bei der SAMSUNG HD502HI Festplatte, der Current_Pending_Sector Zähler sinkt (die Schritte wurden entsprechend des Bad Block HOWTOs durchgeführt):
root@ubuntu-10-10:~# fdisk -lu /dev/sdb Disk /dev/sdb: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x20d1585d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sdb1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary. /dev/sdb2 206848 97863097 48828125 7 HPFS/NTFS /dev/sdb3 97868041 976768064 439450012 5 Extended /dev/sdb5 97868043 964703249 433417603+ 83 Linux /dev/sdb6 964703313 976768064 6032376 82 Linux swap / Solaris root@ubuntu-10-10:~# tune2fs -l /dev/sdb5 | grep Block Block count: 108354400 Block size: 4096 Blocks per group: 32768 root@ubuntu-10-10:~# debugfs debugfs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) debugfs: open /dev/sdb5 debugfs: testb 57144963 Block 57144963 not in use debugfs: quit root@ubuntu-10-10:~# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb5 bs=4096 count=1 seek=57144963 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000379164 s, 10,8 MB/s root@ubuntu-10-10:~# sync root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -A /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE [...] 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 80 [...]
Ein weiterer Testdurchlauf wird gestartet und ebenfalls wieder ein Remapping durchgeführt:
root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -t short /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF OFFLINE IMMEDIATE AND SELF-TEST SECTION === Sending command: "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode". Drive command "Execute SMART Short self-test routine immediately in off-line mode" successful. Testing has begun. Please wait 2 minutes for test to complete. Test will complete after Wed Feb 9 15:47:41 2011 Use smartctl -X to abort test. root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -l selftest /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1 Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error # 1 Short offline Completed: read failure 20% 717 555027784 # 2 Short offline Completed: read failure 20% 717 555027747 root@ubuntu-10-10:~# debugfs debugfs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) debugfs: open /dev/sdb5 debugfs: testb 57144967 Block 57144967 not in use debugfs: quit root@ubuntu-10-10:~# dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/sdb5 bs=4096 count=1 seek=57144967 1+0 records in 1+0 records out 4096 bytes (4,1 kB) copied, 0,000374713 s, 10,9 MB/s root@ubuntu-10-10:~# smartctl -A /dev/sdb smartctl 5.40 2010-03-16 r3077 [x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu] (local build) Copyright (C) 2002-10 by Bruce Allen, http://smartmontools.sourceforge.net === START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION === SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16 Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds: ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE [...] 197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0012 098 098 000 Old_age Always - 79 [...]
Einzelnachweise
- ↑ 9133: S.M.A.R.T. Attribute: Current Pending Sector Count (Acronis Knowledge Base)
- ↑ S.M.A.R.T. (en.wikipedia.org)
- ↑ Bad block HOWTO for smartmontools
- ↑ S.M.A.R.T. (en.wikipedia.org) However some drives will not immediately remap such sectors when written; instead the drive will first attempt to write to the problem sector and if the write operation is successful then the sector will be marked good (in this case, the "Reallocation Event Count" (0xC4) will not be increased).
Weitere Informationen
- Festplattendiagnostik- und Überwachung (wiki.debianforum.de)
Autor: Werner Fischer Werner Fischer arbeitet im Product Management Team von Thomas-Krenn. Er evaluiert dabei neueste Technologien und teilt sein Wissen in Fachartikeln, bei Konferenzen und im Thomas-Krenn Wiki. Bereits 2005 - ein Jahr nach seinem Abschluss des Studiums zu Computer- und Mediensicherheit an der FH Hagenberg - heuerte er beim bayerischen Server-Hersteller an. Als Öffi-Fan nutzt er gerne Bus & Bahn und genießt seinen morgendlichen Spaziergang ins Büro.
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